Titan Industrial Generator 8000 Engine Wiring Diagram
Step by Step Basic Generator Information
Buying a Generator – Considerations
Now that you have decided to purchase a generator, there are several considerations you must keep in mind when choosing which unit to buy, where to install it and how to install it. This guide will help you select a generator using a step by step method. Choosing the right machine is not difficult if you take the time to analyze your requirements carefully.
You need to know a few terms and have a basic understanding of the different types of generator sets and their operating principles. We will explain in simple terms.
You should have your equipment installed by an expert. A knowledgeable person, who knows the electric code, can do wiring and simple plumbing can do the installation, but you will have to know what your doing. Installation may require expert assistance and must adhere to local codes and regulations, not only to obey the law but to make sure you don't void your insurance by installing equipment illegally or without permits. We recommend that you have a contractor do your installation or, at the very least, have him provide professional advice. It is up to you to make sure the installation is done correctly.
For a list of resources on this website and to skip to specific areas of interest see: Generator Information.
PORTABLE OR STATIONARY?
Most homeowners first think of portable generators rather then stationary generators. If you want to haul a generator outside or put one outside in a shed and plug in cords when there is a power outage, it can be done. You will not necessarily save any money doing it but if you have a use for the portable generator for non-emergency times then it might be an alternative. It has been our experience that it is more economical and less hassle to purchase a stationary system and power the whole house or business. Not only do you get more power for the dollar but your family and/or employees don't have to do anything to have emergency power. Do you want your wife, children or employees hauling out equipment and plugging things in and starting up the system, switching the transfer switch and having to refuel? At some point all of this becomes ridiculous and costs you more in staff time and potential liability then its worth.
Before you decide read: Generator Sizes and Types for Your Home or Business
STAND-BY OR PRIME?
The first determination you will need to make is whether you will require stand-by or prime power. Simply stated, prime power is required when you have no other source of power or you are using the system as you prime means of power. Any generator that is used everyday or on a fixed schedule to provide power is considered a prime power generator. Another word for prime is "continuous". If you need a prime power generator, use the generators prime or continuous rating as a guide.
A standby set is a backup to normal utility power. Standby units are used only when your utility power is not available and will not be used frequently. Many stand by generators run at 3600 RPM and are not designed for constant daily use. Another word for standby is "emergency". If you need a standby power generator, use the generators standby or emergency rating as a guide.
GENERATOR PHASES
Generator sets produce either single or three phase power. You should use the type of power your panel provides. Residences and small business generally use single phase. Three-phase power is used for medium to large businesses especially where power is used for motor starting and running. Three phase generators are set up to produce 120/208 or 277/480 volts. Single-phase sets are 120 or 120/240. Use the low voltage to run domestic appliances and the high voltage for your motors, heaters, stoves and dryers. Your service panel is either single phase or three phase, you don't need a three phase generator if your panel is only single phase. Check with your electrician before you begin your search.
GENERATOR AMPERAGE
Your service panel is a good place to start. Go and look at your service panel and see what the amperage is. If the panel is 100 Amps that tells you that your won't need more then 100 amps of power. As the panel gets bigger so will your generator needs. It is possible to install a generator to power only a small portion of your service panel, if you install appropriate sub-panels to sort out what will and will not be powered.
FUEL: GAS OR DIESEL? See also What Generator Fuel is Best?
We recommend diesels due to their longevity and lower operating costs. Today's modern diesels are quiet and normally require much less maintenance than comparably sized gas (natural gas or propane) units. Fuel costs per kW produced with diesels is normally thirty to fifty percent less than gas units.
1800 rpm water cooled diesel units operate on average 12,000 to 30,000 hours before major maintenance is required.
1800 rpm water cooled gas units normally operate 6,000 to 10,000 hours because they are built on a lighter duty gasoline engine block. Gas units burn hotter (higher BTU of the fuel) so you will see generally see somewhat shorter lives than the diesel units
3600 rpm air-cooled gas units are normally replaced – not overhauled at 500 to 1500 hours. These are "stand-by" generators, not intended to be run long hours or very often.
OPERATING SPEED
Electric equipment is designed to use power with a fixed frequency: 60 Hertz (Hz) in the United States and Canada, 50 Hertz in Europe and Australia. The frequency output of a generator depends on a fixed engine speed. To produce 60 Hz electricity, most engines operate at 1800 or 3600 RPM. Each has its advantages and drawbacks. 1800 RPM, four pole sets are the most common and least expensive in large generators. They offer the best balance of noise, efficiency, cost and engine life. 3600 RPM, two pole sets are smaller and lightweight, best suited for portable, light-duty applications. 3600 RPM sets are considered "Standby Generators" and can never be considered for prime power use.
In simple terms it's like operating your car at 90 mph, versus 45mph – at 45mph your car will last longer, is quieter, less maintenance and longer life. Most 3600 rpm units are twin cylinder air cooled lawn mower engines, while the water cooled 1800 rpm units are comparable to those found in forklift and tractor engines. The bottom line is the 1800 rpm water cooled units will last longer, offer less maintenance problems and be more fuel efficient. In addition, 1800 RPM generators are designed to be rebuilt, 3600 RPM units are designed to replaced and are much lower in cost (most of the time). Some 3600 RPM stationary units and most RV and commercial power units can be rebuilt at least one or more times but this process is not inexpensive.
FEATURES & BENEFITS TO LOOK FOR
Engine block. For long life and quiet operation we recommend four cycle, liquid cooled, industrial duty diesel engines.
Air or liquid cooling. Air-cooled engines require a tremendous amount of air and may require ducting and they are somewhat noisier. Liquid cooling offers quieter operation, more even temperature control and therefore longer engine life. Modern air cooled engines are suitable for many applications, especially short run, portable or standby uses.
Intake Air. All quality generators have intake air filters with replaceable filter elements. Today even small portables have replaceable air cleaners.
Mufflers. Most generator come equipped with an industrial grade muffler. One good investment is a residential or critical muffler that is much quieter and lasts longer. All enclosed generators should be equipped with at least a residential and preferably a critical muffler.
Lubrication. The lubrication system should have a full flow, spin-on oil filter. Larger generators should have a filter bypass. Most generators today have low oil alarms and shutdowns, make sure the generator you select has this valuable feature, its simply a must have protection.
Major brand of engine. We do not know why people would even consider an inferior "scrap metal" unit or "off brand" engine, you will not be able to obtain the necessary parts, service and support. Many engines come with a box of spare parts including pistons, rings and bearings because your going to need them all. Save yourself some grief and buy a major brand of engine. If you buy a junk engine, we wont service it and most other reputable dealers won't either.
Electrical system and circuit breakers. Standard 12 volt system should include at least the following: 1) Quality starter motor and battery. Larger generators should include a charging alternator with a solid state voltage regulator. 2) Larger diesel units should come with a pre-heat switch and all generators should have a start/stop switch. 3) Al generators should have a safety shutdown system to protect the engine in case of oil pressure loss, generator over-speed or over-crank and high water (or operating) temperature. 4) System circuit breaker to protect the generator. On small systems and portables there should be a circuit breaker on each circuit.
GENERATOR END
(The part that makes the generator "generate" electricity.)
AC generator should have a 4-pole revolving field. An automatic voltage regulator will provide "clean" power. Normal utility power is +/- 6% voltage regulation; most generators are even better ranging from +/- 5% or .25 % and even better. Most modern generators offer AVR – Automatic Voltage Regulation or some other proprietary brand of voltage regulation and can be safely used with modern electronics and computers.
Lifetime lubricated bearing. Cheap generators are not supplied with these bearings. They often require complete disassembly every two or three years for bearing replacement. Most modern power alternators, or generator ends, are provided with industrial quality lifetime lubricated bearings
ENGINE ACCESSORIES AND CONTROLS
Upon determining the generator size you will need, make a list of optional and installation equipment you require. For noise abatement, we recommend a residential (not industrial grade) muffler. A good primary fuel filter/water separator is a must to protect your engine's fuel system. Stand-by sets may require a block heater to keep the coolant/water mix at an adequate temperature for easier starting and less smoking on startup.
WHAT SIZE SET WILL I NEED?
Sizing is the most important step; nothing is more critical in your choice of a generator. A set that is too small won't last, will smoke and can do damage to your electrical equipment. If it is too large, the engine will carbon up, wet stack or "slobber" and this means excess fuel consumption and early failure. We recommend that a generator set never run continuously with less than 40% load – 50% to 75% is optimum.
Additional factors, which may affect efficient operation of your generator, are high altitude and high air temperature. These conditions will lower generator output. You must take into account your elevation, normal and extremes of temperature and other factors. Ask your sales engineer for de-rating information. Allow three (3) percent loss in efficiency for each 1000 feet above sea level minimum. Check the manufactures specifications and use the de-rating factor they specify. Nothing is worse than buying a generator that is too small.
For more information: Understanding Loads & Sizing, Calculations, Doing it Exactly, Generator Sizing Procedures, Wattage Guide
MOTOR STARTING LOADS
In addition to load requirements, it is important to consider motor starting load. We use the rule of thumb that starting a motor requires up to three (3) times more wattage than running loads. Selecting a generator, which is inadequate for your motor starting needs, may make it difficult to start motors in air conditioners, compressors or freezers. In addition, the starting load causes voltage dips, which is why the lights dim when a large motor is started. These voltage dips can be more than annoying – voltage dips can ruin delicate electronic equipment such as computers. You must make sure you account for starting loads, if you cant start the load you can't run it. For more information see: Starting Load Examples, Electric Motor Wattage Guide, Motor Formulas.
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT GENERATORS
Read these sections about generators, you may find some useful information. Delta & Wye Connections, Electrical Unit Conversions (formulas), Proper Generator Operation and Generator Safety.
GENERATOR INSTALLATION
A detailed installation guide will usually be provided with your generator. Here are some important points to consider when you install your generator.
We strongly recommend that the installation be performed by a licensed electrical or mechanical contractor. They have the tools, the know-how and an understanding of regulations and local codes. Their expertise will save you money in the long run. Should you chose to perform the installation yourself, PLEASE do your homework before tackling the job and obtain the proper permits required by your local jurisdiction. While all GenSets have some basic requirements, each brand and model has unique installation requirements. Also, it is extremely important to have all relative codebooks for reference and to adhere to strictly adhere to the laws which were designed for your safety. Most important of all, your system must be inspected before starting to prevent fires and explosions from improper installation.
LOCATION
Ensure the following items are considered, read the manual for the generator.
* Air inlet for combustion and engine cooling.
* Outlets for exhaust and hot cooling air.
* Fuel, battery and AC electrical connections.
* Remember to monitor for carbon monoxide!
* Rigid, level mounting platforms (many sets are already mounted on a steel skid base).
* Open accessibility for easy service.
* Isolation from living space. Keep noise and exhaust away from occupied areas.
* Space and equipment to extinguish a fire. Minimize the possibility of fire danger.
* Remember, GenSets move on their vibration mounts. Allow clearance to compensate and use flex-joints on all lines and connections.
EXHAUST SYSTEMS
The exhaust system may need to be covered with insulated material to prevent fire resulting from contact with combustible materials. We recommend a heat blanket over exhaust outlets to reduce the heat radiated from the exhaust and to ensure personal safety. Some insulation materials are best left to professionals with the proper equipment. Keep all piping away from combustible materials including walls. A seamless, stainless steel flexible joint must be used between the generator set and the exhaust system to prevent metal fatigue. Do not use the exhaust manifold to support the exhaust system because the weight will cause manifold failure. Exhaust pipe hangers are readily available and inexpensive.
FUEL SYSTEM
Extreme care should be taken in designing and installing the fuel system to prevent fire danger. Fuel lines should have as few connections as possible and be routed to prevent damage. Keep lines away from hot engine or exhaust components. The lines should be no smaller than the inlet and outlet on the engine. Support fuel lines with clamps, as needed, to help prevent metal fatigue from vibration. The fuel tank should be level with or below the set to prevent siphoning in the event of a line failure. Remember to check the lift capacity of the engine fuel pump and stay within its limits. If the set is higher than the tank, an auxiliary fuel pump may be required.
To prevent water ingestion, fuel should be drawn out of the top of the tank with the pick-up extending to no more than two inches from the bottom. Fuel storage tanks must have leakage protection and many jurisdictions require spill basins. Above ground tanks are recommended and cheaper but you must check your local codes before installing a tank. The safest tanks are double walled with alarms. These alarms are simple and well worth the investment to avoid a possible fuel spill, and significant clean-up costs. If the tank is mounted above the generator set, use a fuel shut-off valve, so that you can work on the fuel system without the fuel-siphoning out. It also allows you to cut-off fuel flow in the event of line breakage.
A high quality, fuel/water separator filter should be mounted as close to the generator set as possible. Because of its explosive nature, gasoline fuel systems have special requirements; see your tank supplier for complete information.
COMBUSTION AND COOLING AIR
The generator set requires air for combustion and cooling. A radiator and a "pusher" engine fan cool the generator engine temperature. Your car or truck will normally operate with a "puller" fan. An internal fan cools the generator.
OUTDOOR MOUNTING
GenSets that are housed in weather-protective enclosures are designed for installation out-of-doors. Typically a cement pad is placed in a suitable location, out of sight but with easy access for maintenance and fueling. The generator is secured to the pad. Choose a site close to the electric service and fuel supply lines (natural gas, propane, or diesel). The image below shows a typical natural gas installation. The main distribution panel, transfer switch and sub-panels are inside the building in this example, but more often the distribution panel, sub-panels and transfer switch are outside. You should make sure that 110v power is available at the generator for battery charging.
The GenSet must be a minimum of 3 ft from combustible material (NFPA 37). Leave at least 3 ft (or more if the housing and instructions for your particular unit) all around the GenSet enclosure for access to the inside (NEC Art. 110-26a, Art. 110-26b). The GenSet must be at least 5 ft from any opening (window, door, vent, etc.) in a wall, and the exhaust must not be able to accumulate in any occupied area. See figure below.
INDOOR MOUNTING
We do not recommend locating generator sets indoors in residential applications and small commercial and industrial applications. The primary reason to avoid indoor installation is safety. Carbon monoxide gas is odorless, colorless and can accumulate in closed spaces. You can walk into a room full of carbon monoxide and be overcome. A gas leak in space attached to your home can kill you and your family.
In addition to safety, it costs more to install a GenSet indoors than for the same GenSet provided with the factory weatherproof housing. When a GenSet is installed indoors, the building must be designed carefully to handle ventilation to remove heat and any fumes due to fuel, exhaust, lubrication and starting batteries. The radiator must be provided with a duct adapter that interfaces properly with louvers on an outside wall of the building. Adequate air intake flow must be available not only for the radiator fan but also for cooling the alternator. The engine exhaust piping and muffler must be tight to prevent any leaks that would allow dangerous carbon monoxide to accumulate inside the building.
Generally, the room or space in which the generator operates, should not exceed 100 F. We recommend keeping it under 85 F if possible. Generator installations require an intake of cool, clean air and an outlet vent for hot air. Whenever possible the cool air should be drawn over the alternator (or generator end) to help keep the alternator cool. The size of the space affects the room temperature (the smaller the space the generator runs in, the higher the room temperature is likely to be), smaller spaces may require ducting. The size of the generator and the outside air temperature or climate must be considered. In an indoor installation, increasing these vent sizes may cool the room down to acceptable levels and ensure "positive" airflow. Positive airflow is cool, clean air in and hot air out, as opposed to circulating hot air inside the room. Generator cooling fans move moisture as well as air. Moist air is corrosive to a GenSets copper windings, so make sure air inlets are positioned to minimize moisture intake.
Automatic fire suppression systems may also be required. Check with your local fire codes. You should also contact your fire insurance provider to determine if an indoor GenSet is even permitted.
Installation engineered to meet all the above requirements and all safety codes can still become a hazard later. For an installation to remain safe, it has to be regularly inspected and maintained to ensure that leaks or other dangerous conditions do not develop with age or use. Sites that do not have a knowledgeable maintenance staff trained to support an indoor generator set should not install a unit inside a building.
Another factor is the initial cost. It is impossible to construct a building to house a GenSet at a cost as low as the factory housing that can be ordered with the GenSet. And even if the building already exists, the design expense and costs to adapt it for a generator set installation usually will exceed the enclosure cost available from the GenSet manufacturer. For a small GenSet the cost of an open unit with duct adaptor and exhaust pipe kit is as little as $600 less than the same GenSet with the factory weather housing. The additional costs for just the exhaust thimble and louvers exceed that savings.
AC CONNECTIONS
Connecting the generator to your electrical distribution system is a job for a qualified, licensed and bonded electrician who is familiar with local building codes. Electricity is dangerous, respect it.
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GENERATOR SIZES AND TYPES FOR HOME OR BUSINESS
Home and business owners often ask us two questions:
1. What size generator do I need? and
2. Should use a portable or stationary generator for my home or business? This great article by Coleman, a leading manufacturer of home generators was adapted to answer this question for you. Read each section carefully and you will see how each type of generator fits into you power backup planning.
Power Generation, What Size Do I Need?
In the past, enduring a power outage was as simple as lighting a candle and the fireplace. Not anymore. Without electricity, basements can flood. Security systems can falter. Home businesses can fail.
Many homeowners are unable or unwilling to wait out the next power outage, so they are installing backup power systems in their homes.
The first step in purchasing a backup power source is figuring out how much power you need. Power generation systems are rated according to the number of kilowatts (kW) of electricity they produce.
The following chart quickly summarizes how much electricity various power generators can produce.
Rated Watts Description Degrees of Power
5 kW A basic system that can restore power to multiple "survival appliances". Four lights, furnace fan, sump pump and refrigerator/freezer
6.5 kW A small system to keep all the survival appliances operating and a few extras. Survival appliances plus family room.
8 kW A mid-Sized system to help you weather powerless days and nights. Survival appliances plus family room and home office.
10 kW An emergency backup power system providing comfort and security. Survival appliances plus family room, home office and kitchen.
15 kW A powerful system with enough energy to run a small home. Survival appliances plus family room, home office kitchen and laundry room.
25 kW A mini-power plant that can run a small to mid-sized home or business. All of the above plus an air conditioning system.
30 kW and up A mini-power plant that can run a mid-sized to large home or business. All of the above and more. Live in total comfort.
For a more detailed analysis, use our interactive Wattage Requirement Guide to determine how much power you'll need during a blackout.
It's very important not to run too many appliances at once and overload your emergency power source. As a general rule, the total running (rated) and starting watts of all the appliances being used at one time should not exceed the power source's wattage.
PORTABLE GENERATORS
A growing number of Americans are converting their portable gasoline generators into emergency backup power systems.
The minimum size recommended for home-emergency use is a 5,000-watt generator (starting around $600), which can power multiple appliances for 8 hours.
Portable generators are available on our site and can be shipped anywhere around the country. Retail stores carry them also but they become scarce during a blackout and often it is difficult to find the cords, plugs, transfer switches and other parts needed. Most generators sold in hardware stores are low quality, price cutting types of units. We sell contractor quality, built to last.
We carry several brands of portable generators including: VoltMaster Honda, Yamaha, Baldor, Winco, Onan, Robin and others. For more information on portable generators, Just Click > Portable Generators.
Extension Cords
The most common way to use a portable generator is to place it outdoors, then run an extension cord(s) through an open window or door to the chosen appliance. This approach works well for smaller generators because you can only plug in one or two items. You must connect the item directly unless you use a transfer switch. NOTE: You cannot run a generator indoors, not even in the garage, because a generator makes carbon-monoxide which is odorless an color-less and it can kill you and your family.
Be sure to use appropriately sized power cords to carry the electric load. If you use an undersized cord, you can potentially damage the generator and appliances.
Extension cords are rated by "gauges." For example, the most common size for generator use is 14, 12 and 10 gauge. The smaller the gauge number, the thicker the cord and the more electricity it can carry.
Extension cords have several other drawbacks. First, most extension cords can't be plugged into a furnace, well pump, or ceiling-light fixture. And, if they are placed under rugs or carpets, heat can build up and spark a fire.
For more information on cords, plugs and inlets boxes to use with your transfer switch, Just Click > Cords, Plugs and Outlet Boxes.
To see a summary of issues involving portable generator see Portable vs Stationary generators.
HOME STANDBY GENERATORS
If you want the convenience, security, and comfort of a generator but don't want to venture out in inclement weather to get it started, you might want to consider getting an emergency standby generator.
These personal power plants supply electricity to the majority of your house, not just to a few selected circuits. The all-weather generators are installed outside like a central air conditioner and are wired through an automatic transfer switch to the main electrical panel.
The units run on natural gas, propane, or diesel fuel. Some systems can even be connected to a home's natural gas line, eliminating the need to fill fuel tanks.
When the power goes out, there's a slight delay of 15 to 20 seconds, then the generator automatically kicks on – whether you're home or not – and continues running until power is restored, when it will automatically shut off. If you have critical applications such as life support equipment, computers or similar systems, you can install a UPS (uninterruptible power supply, a battery in a special box), and there will be no interruption of power to these devices while the generator starts up.
These systems are becoming increasingly popular in newer homes with sophisticated computers and electronics, and in rural areas where prolonged power outages are common. To see our extensive line of home standby generators, Just Click > Residential & Commercial Packaged Systems.
For large generators fro 14 kW to 2000 kW, Just Click > Industrial GenSets – Single Phase or Industrial GenSets – Three Phase
TRANSFER SWITCHES
For safety's sake, hire a licensed electrician to install a transfer switch that distributes power from the generator to the home's circuit box. This reduces the need for multiple extension cords running from the generator to specific appliances, and eliminates the risk of electrical "back feed" injuring utility workers working on downed power lines.
The transfer switch (around $150 and up) is installed beside the main electrical panel, and then it's connected to circuits you'll need during a blackout. When the power goes out, you simply crank up the generator and run a single extension cord from it to the transfer switch. We sell transfer switches for small generators manufactured by Gen-Tran, to get more information, Just Click > Transfer Switches, Portable-Small Applications. For larger systems, Just Click > Transfer Switches, Large and Industrial.
Once the generator is running, you can choose which circuits you want to use by flipping the switches on the transfer switch.
It's important to keep track of what's being powered because the transfer switch is often wired into more circuits than the generator can handle all at once.
A typical transfer-switch installation will take less than two hours and cost around $100-$200, but it's an investment that will be fully appreciated the next time the power goes out.
Make your installation simple so all family members can use the generator safely. Make an instruction sheet and put it with the generator so family members know what to do to restore power.
NOW GET TO WORK AND FIGURE OUT WHAT YOU NEED FOR YOUR HOME OR BUSINESS STANDBY GENERATOR!
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Step by Step Basic Generator Info How do I select a generator? The Basics.
Frequently Asked Questions About Generators Common Questions Answered About Generators
Generator Sizing Procedure How do I figure generator size?
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Home Owners Basic Questions What size and type of generator do I need?
Portable vs Stationary Should I use a portable or stationary generator at my home?
Portable vs RV Should I use a portable or RV generator in my RV?
Gasoline or Diesel Which is better and why? Diesel Fueled Generators – A Recommendation
New vs Used Which is better, new or used?
Tips On Buying Used Guidelines and ideas on buying used generators
Generator Rental Facts What size are rental generators and how much fuel do they use?
Generator Fuels Which fuel is best? Gasoline, Diesel, Bio-Fuels, Propane, Natural Gas?
Generator Amp Ratings- (An Important Chart) What size do I need? Does size matter?
Understanding Loads & Sizing What size do I need? Does size matter?
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Calculations, Doing it Exactly How to calculate your load requirements exactly.
Diesel Fuel Use Chart How much fuel does a diesel generator use?
Diesel Engine Uses and Applications Where are diesel engines used?
Pipe Sizing for Natural Gas & LP What size gas pipe do I need?
LP Tank Sizing & Typical LP Fuel Consumption How fuel does an LP tank hold? How much does a generator consume?
LP /NG Fuel Consumption Explained How do you calculate LP/NG consumption?
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Wattage Guide How much power does my equipment use?
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Electric Motor Wattage Guide How much power do motors use?
AC & Heat Pump Loads How much power do air conditioners & heat pumps use?
Generator Installation How to properly install your generator.
Tractor Driven Alternator (PTO) – Owner Manual All about PTO generators.
Generator Operation How to properly operate your generator.
Generator Safety Safety precautions for generator use. Follow Them!
Trailer Safety Safety precautions for using trailers.
Transfer Switches Why do I need a transfer switch? How do switches work?
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Transfer Switch Information Information Index About Transfer Switches
NEMA Plugs and Receptacles A Guide to NEMA plugs & receptacles, with pictures & nomenclature
Tables and Formulas, Value Conversions Look up and convert many common values
Glossary of Generator and Electrical Terms Glossary of Terms for generators, electrical and other industry terms.
Country Power Guide Guide of Power Around the World. What power is used in other countries?
Help Index Information Index showing all GeneratorJoe Help Screens
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The power output of a generator is measured in watts and before you purchase a generator you need to decide the size that will meet your requirements. If you will only be using a generator for occasional backup for lights and small appliances a side valve generator with a 2000 watt output will be adequate. For longer outages or for heavier use a generator with 3500 watt output or higher and overhead valve design will be needed. We've put together some information about features and output ratings to help you decide on the size and type of generator that will suit your needs.
Features
Valves – valves may be side mounted or overhead mounted. Larger models are usually overhead mounted and in general are more reliable and longer lasting.
Auto Shutdown – An automatic shutdown switch for low oil conditions is essential to prevent accidental damage.
Spark arrester – always ensure your generator has a spark arrestor if it will be used anywhere near combustible materials.
Pull Start – compression release pull starts make starting much easier
Generator Size
It is, of course, vital that you purchase a generator that is adequate for the intended load it will carry. You can calculate the wattage required for your particular circumstances very easily. Firstly decide what appliances, pumps, lights etc need to be run then look on the appliances for the wattage required for each. Don't forget any furnace/boiler or water pumps. Electric motors on pumps and other appliances require more wattage to start up than for running, sometimes up to three times as much so this must be taken into account when doing your calculations. In addition, if you have more than one motor, unless you can manually stagger their start ups, they will all be drawing start up power at the same time and put a bigger burden on the generator.
All appliances and motors should be labeled with their wattage requirements. Note down any that you are going to use with your generator. The following table is a rough guide to wattages in the absence of a label.
* Furnace fan 200
* Computer 150
* Television 450
* Fan 100
* Hot plate 1100
* small freezer 300
* Radio 120
* sump pump 450
* Refrigerator 2600
* water pump 250-2000
* water heater 5000
Add up all the wattages, not forgetting the start up wattage of your motors. The total does not include any safety margin so add 10% to the total figure. Now you have the information needed to choose the size of generator to purchase. Be sure to consider the continuous rating not the maximum or surge rating on the generator.
Types of Generator – Portable or Standby
Now you need to decide if you will purchase a portable or standby generator. A standby generator is fixed in position and permanently wired into the house circuit. It is usually fitted with an automatic switch to turn on when the power fails. A portable generator can be moved around and used on camping trips or for powering tools etc away from a power source. It can be used, with the correct add ons as a power source for your house in an emergency although it would usually need to be switched on manually.
Safety
Last, but definitely not least!
Always ensure that generators are installed by a qualified electrician and never hook up the generator to the house power outlets or to live power lines.
Run generators in open spaces never in enclosed spaces like basements or garages as they produce deadly carbon monoxide gas. It is a good idea to install carbon monoxide detectors to ensure you and your family are safe.
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Generator Maintenance
Generators require maintenance just like any other equipment. Most large home standby generators will automatically start each week and power up diagnostics to make sure all is functioning properly.
Smaller generators require manual intervention. Replacing the oil and spark plug at regular recommended manufacturer intervals ensures a proper functioning generator.
If the generator is not going to be run for long periods of time then a stabilizer should be added to the fuel. The fuel could also be drained but you should consult with your operating manual and follow your manufacturers guidelines.
Another option is to buy a service plan from your dealer. Regardless of what option you choose, generator maintenance should be followed.
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Types of Generators
Their are numerous types of generators but we'll focus on the most common fuel types:
* Gas Generators
* LPG Generators
* Diesel Generators
* Natural Gas Generators
We'll also focus on the most common uses for generators:
* Home Standby Generators
* Portable Generators
* Commercial Generators
Fuel Types
Fuel types will vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. Fuel type will also reflect differences in pricing because of the different technologies needed to effectively process and burn the fuel. When choosing a fuel type most consider fuel availability foremost. Gas generators and diesel generators will require manual filling unless you live on a farm and have the required permits to store large quantities of fuel. Although they are the most cumbersome they are the most available and only require a proper container to fill, transport and store.
On the other hand, LPG and natural gas usually require service to be brought to your house or business with a meter or a large storage tank/bottle be placed and plumbed. This requires a lot of up front costs but the result is hands-off refilling.
We won't try to make up your mind for you when picking a gas generator or LPG generator but only try to help you think about all the options. New technologies of burning natural gas in combination with diesel in a diesel generator is making headway into efficiency and clean burning.
courtesy of: http://www.buyagenerator.com/Types-of-Generators/
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Haiti (pronounced /ˈheɪtɪ/; French Haïti, pronounced: [a.iti]; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, Haitian Creole pronunciation: [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (République d'Haïti ; Repiblik Ayiti) is a Caribbean country. Along with the Dominican Republic, it occupies the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago. Ayiti (land of high mountains) was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the mountainous western side of the island. The country's highest point is Pic la Selle, at 2,680 metres (8,793 ft). The total area of Haiti is 27,750 square kilometres (10,714 sq mi) and its capital is Port-au-Prince. Haitian Creole and French are the official languages.
Haiti's regional, historical and ethnolinguistic position is unique for several reasons. It was the first independent nation in Latin America and the first black-led republic in the world when it gained independence as part of a successful slave rebellion in 1804.[4] Despite having common cultural links with its Hispano-Caribbean neighbors, Haiti is the only predominantly Francophone independent nation in the Americas. It is one of only two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) that designate French as an official language; the other French-speaking areas are all overseas départements, or collectivités, of France.
Haiti is the poorest country in the Americas. Contrary to popular belief, however, it is not the poorest in the Western Hemisphere.[citation needed] On various occasions, it has experienced political violence throughout its history. Most recently, in February 2004, an armed rebellion forced the resignation and exile of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, and a provisional government took control with security provided by the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Rene Preval, the current president, was elected in the Haitian general election, 2006.
On January 12, 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti and devastated the capital city, Port-au-Prince. Reportedly more than 150,000 people were killed and buried later in mass graves, although the exact number was difficult to determine and the reported number fluctuates, and a large number are homeless.[5] The Presidential palace, Parliament and many other important structures were destroyed, along with countless homes and businesses.
courtest of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti
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Electricity generation is the process of creating electricity from other forms of energy.
The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet.[1]
For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electric power transmission, electricity distribution, and electrical power storage and recovery using pumped storage methods are normally carried out by the electrical power industry.
Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that can be and are used to generate electricity such as solar photovoltaics and geothermal power.
Sources of electricity in the U.S. in 2008[2] fossil fuel generation (mainly coal) was the largest source.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
* 2 Methods of generating electricity
o 2.1 Turbines
o 2.2 Reciprocating engines
o 2.3 Photovoltaic panels
o 2.4 Other generation methods
* 3 Cost of generating electricity
* 4 Production by country
* 5 Environmental Concerns
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links
[edit] History
Sources of electricity in France in 2006;[3] nuclear power was the main source.
Centralised power generation became possible when it was recognized that alternating current power lines can transport electricity at very low costs across great distances by taking advantage of the ability to raise and lower the voltage using power transformers.
Electricity has been generated at central stations since 1881. The first power plants were run on water power or coal,[4] and today we rely mainly on coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric, and petroleum with a small amount from solar energy, tidal harnesses, wind generators, and geothermal sources.
[edit] Methods of generating electricity
There are seven fundamental methods of directly transforming other forms of energy into electrical energy:
* Static electricity, from the physical separation and transport of charge (examples: triboelectric effect and lightning)
* Electromagnetic induction, where an electrical generator, dynamo or alternator transforms kinetic energy (energy of motion) into electricity
* Electrochemistry, the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity, as in a battery, fuel cell or nerve impulse
* Photoelectric effect, the transformation of light into electrical energy, as in solar cells
* Thermoelectric effect, direct conversion of temperature differences to electricity, as in thermocouples and thermopiles
* Piezoelectric effect, from the mechanical strain of electrically anisotropic molecules or crystals
* Nuclear transformation, the creation and acceleration of charged particles (examples: betavoltaics or alpha particle emission)
Static electricity was the first form discovered and investigated, and the electrostatic generator is still used even in modern devices such as the Van de Graaff generator and MHD generators. Electrons are mechanically separated and transported to increase their electric potential.
Almost all commercial electrical generation is done using electromagnetic induction, in which mechanical energy forces an electrical generator to rotate. There are many different methods of developing the mechanical energy, including heat engines, hydro, wind and tidal power.
The direct conversion of nuclear energy to electricity by beta decay is used only on a small scale. In a full-size nuclear power plant, the heat of a nuclear reaction is used to run a heat engine. This drives a generator, which converts mechanical energy into electricity by magnetic induction.
Most electric generation is driven by heat engines. The combustion of fossil fuels supplies most of the heat to these engines, with a significant fraction from nuclear fission and some from renewable sources. The modern steam turbine invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884 – today generates about 80 percent of the electric power in the world using a variety of heat sources.
[edit] Turbines
Large dams such as Three Gorges Dam in China can provide large amounts of hydroelectric power; it will have a 22.5 GW capability.
Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, a nuclear power plant.
A combined cycle natural gas power plant near Orem, Utah.
All turbines are driven by a fluid acting as an intermediate energy carrier. Many of the heat engines just mentioned are turbines. Other types of turbines can be driven by wind or falling water.
Sources include:
* Steam – Water is boiled by:
o Nuclear fission,
o The burning of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, or petroleum). In hot gas (gas turbine), turbines are driven directly by gases produced by the combustion of natural gas or oil. Combined cycle gas turbine plants are driven by both steam and natural gas. They generate power by burning natural gas in a gas turbine and use residual heat to generate additional electricity from steam. These plants offer efficiencies of up to 60%.
o Renewables. The steam generated by:
+ Biomass
+ The sun as the heat source: solar parabolic troughs and solar power towers concentrate sunlight to heat a heat transfer fluid, which is then used to produce steam.
+ Geothermal power. Either steam under pressure emerges from the ground and drives a turbine or hot water evaporates a low boiling liquid to create vapour to drive a turbine.
* Other renewable sources:
o Water (hydroelectric) – Turbine blades are acted upon by flowing water, produced by hydroelectric dams or tidal forces.
o Wind – Most wind turbines generate electricity from naturally occurring wind. Solar updraft towers use wind that is artificially produced inside the chimney by heating it with sunlight, and are more properly seen as forms of solar thermal energy.
[edit] Reciprocating engines
Small electricity generators are often powered by reciprocating engines burning diesel, biogas or natural gas. Diesel engines are often used for back up generation, usually at low voltages. However most large power grids also use Diesel generators, originally provided as emergency back up for a specific facility such as a hospital, to feed power into the grid during certain circumstances. Biogas is often combusted where it is produced, such as a landfill or wastewater treatment plant, with a reciprocating engine or a microturbine, which is a small gas turbine.
A coal-fired power plant in Laughlin, Nevada U.S.A. Owners of this plant ceased operations after declining to invest in pollution control equipment to comply with pollution regulations.[5]
[edit] Photovoltaic panels
Unlike the solar heat concentrators mentioned above, photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly to electricity. Although sunlight is free and abundant, solar electricity is still usually more expensive to produce than large-scale mechanically generated power due to the cost of the panels. Low-efficiency silicon solar cells have been decreasing in cost and multijunction cells with close to 30% conversion efficiency are now commercially available. Over 40% efficiency has been demonstrated in experimental systems.[6] Until recently, photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid, or as a supplemental electricity source for individual homes and businesses. Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels. Installed capacity is growing by 40% per year led by increases in Germany, Japan, California and New Jersey.
[edit] Other generation methods
Wind-powered turbines usually provide electrical generation in conjunction with other methods of producing power.
Various other technologies have been studied and developed for power generation. Solid-state generation (without moving parts) is of particular interest in portable applications. This area is largely dominated by thermoelectric (TE) devices, though thermionic (TI) and thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems have been developed as well. Typically, TE devices are used at lower temperatures than TI and TPV systems. Piezoelectric devices are used for power generation from mechanical strain, particularly in power harvesting. Betavoltaics are another type of solid-state power generator which produces electricity from radioactive decay. Fluid-based magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation has been studied as a method for extracting electrical power from nuclear reactors and also from more conventional fuel combustion systems. Osmotic power finally is another possibility at places where salt and sweet water merges (e.g. deltas, …)
Electrochemical electricity generation is also important in portable and mobile applications. Currently, most electrochemical power comes from closed electrochemical cells ("batteries") [7], which are arguably utilized more as storage systems than generation systems, but open electrochemical systems, known as fuel cells, have been undergoing a great deal of research and development in the last few years. Fuel cells can be used to extract power either from natural fuels or from synthesized fuels (mainly electrolytic hydrogen) and so can be viewed as either generation systems or storage systems depending on their use.
[edit] Cost of generating electricity
Main article: Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources
[edit] Production by country
Main article: World energy resources and consumption
Electricity output in 2005
The United States has long been the largest producer and consumer of electricity, with a global share in 2005 of at least 25%, followed by China, Japan and Russia.
[edit] Environmental Concerns
Main articles: Global warming and Coal phase out
Most scientists agree that emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases from electricity generation account for a significant portion of world greenhouse gas emissions; in the United States, electricity generation accounts for nearly 40 percent of emissions, the largest of any source. Transportation emissions are close behind, contributing about one-third of U.S. production of carbon dioxide[8] .
[edit] See also
Energy portal
* Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources
* Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources
* Distributed generation
* Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID)
* List of countries by electricity production from renewable source
* Electric power transmission
* Electric utility
* Electricity distribution
* Electricity retailing
* Energy development
* Environmental concerns with electricity generation
* Eugene Green Energy Standard
* Generating Availability Data System
* Load profile
* Mains electricity
* Parallel generation
* Power quality
* Virtual power plant
* Voltage drop
[edit] References
Large dams such as Hoover Dam can provide large amounts of hydroelectric power; it has a 2.07 gigawatt capability.
1. ^ 'The Institution of Engineering & Technology: Michael Faraday'
2. ^ http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table1_1.html
3. ^ (French) DGEMP / Observatoire de l'énergie (April 2007). "L'Electricité en France en 2006 : une analyse statistique." (PDF). http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/energie/statisti/pdf/elec-analyse-stat.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
4. ^ Pearl Street Station: The Dawn of Commercial Electric Power
5. ^ Reuters News Service (2005-12-30). "Mohave Power Plant in Nevada to Close as Expected". Planet Ark. http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/34265/story.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
6. ^ New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology (press release, 2006-12-05), U.S. Department of Energy.
7. ^ World's Largest Utility Battery System Installed in Alaska (press release, 2003-09-24), U.S. Department of Energy. "13,670 nickel-cadmium battery cells to generate up to 40 megawatts of power for about 7 minutes, or 27 megawatts of power for 15 minutes."
8. ^ http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003732690_carbon03.html
[edit] External links
* Power Technologies Energy Data Book
* [1] NOW on PBS: Power Struggle
Courtesy of:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generator
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A leading producer of light industrial equipment, specializing in producing the highest quality equipment possible, and offering the best service available at the lowest price. Titan Industrial is the leading edge of state of the art manufacturing
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